表1.低中高学年別機能一覧 |
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Abbreviations: NP |
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Noun-phrase. |
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VP |
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Verb-phrase. |
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N |
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Noun. |
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Vinf |
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Infinitive without to. |
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Vto |
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Infinitive with to. |
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Ving |
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Verbal from in -ing. |
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Ved |
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Past participle. |
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No. |
機能分類(項目は"The Threshold Level"による) |
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低学年 |
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中学年 |
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高学年 |
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1.事実情報 |
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1.1 |
アイデンテイティを認識する |
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This. / That. |
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This is NP. / That is NP. |
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These are NP. / Those are
NP. |
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This + noun. / That + noun. |
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This N is NP. / That N is
NP. |
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These Ns are NP. / Those Ns
are NP. |
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I / you / we |
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I am NP. / You are NP. / We
are NP. |
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He is NP. / She is NP. /
They are NP. |
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Yes. |
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declarative phrases |
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declarative sentences |
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Yes, he is, etc. |
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1.2 |
報告する(描写や叙述を含む) |
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declarative phrases |
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declarative sentences |
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1.3 |
修正する |
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Never. |
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phrases containing the
negation-words |
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negative sentences with not |
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No. |
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sentences containing the
negation-words |
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Nobody. |
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Nothing. |
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1.4 |
質問する |
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When? |
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interrogative phrases |
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interrogative sentences |
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Where? |
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question-word phrases with
: when, what, etc. |
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question-word sentences
with : what, etc. |
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What? |
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Tell me. |
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Tell me + sub-clause. |
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Which? |
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About + NP. |
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Tell me about +NP. |
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Who? |
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2.知的態度 |
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2.1 |
同意や反対を表現する |
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Right. |
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I agree. |
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Of course not. |
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All right. |
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That's right. |
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Yes, I can. / Yes, he may.
etc. |
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Sure. |
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Of course. |
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Yes. |
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Yes, it is. / Yes, I am.
etc. |
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No. |
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I don't agree. |
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OK. |
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I don't think so. |
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No, I don't. / No, it
isn't. etc. |
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2.2 |
同意または反対を尋ねる |
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Do you agree? |
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short questions |
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Do you think so? |
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2.3 |
何かを否定する |
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No (adverb). |
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No (adjective). |
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negative sentences with not |
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Never. |
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No + negative short answers |
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sentences containing the
negation-words |
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Nobody. |
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Nothing. |
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2.4 |
申出や招待を受ける |
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Thank you. |
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Yes, please. |
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I'm very glad + Vto ... |
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Yes. / OK. |
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That will be very nice. |
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All right. |
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2.5 |
申出や招待を断わる |
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No. |
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No, thank you. |
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I'm afraid I cannot ... |
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2.6 |
申出や招待を受けるのか断るのか尋ねる |
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Will you + VP (do it, come,
etc.)? |
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2.7 |
何かすることを申し出る |
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Can + I + Verb? |
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Can I + VP? |
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2.8 |
何かや誰かを知っているか知らないか述べる |
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I (don't) know. |
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I (don't) know + noun or
pronoun. |
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2.9 |
何かや誰かを知っているか知らないか尋ねる |
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Do you know? |
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Do you know + noun or
pronoun? |
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2.10 |
何かや誰かを覚えているか忘れたか述べる |
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I (don't) remember. |
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I (don't) remember + noun
or pronoun. |
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I forgot. |
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I (don't) remember +
gerund. |
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I (don't) remember +
that-clause. |
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I forgot to (bring my
glasses, etc.). |
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2.11 |
何かや誰かを覚えているか忘れたか尋ねる |
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Do you remember? |
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Do you remember + noun or
pronoun? |
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Do you forget? |
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Do you remember + gerund? |
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Do you remember +
that-clause? |
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Do you forget to (bring
your glasses, etc.)? |
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2.12 |
何かが可能または不可能と思われるか表現する |
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It is possible. |
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It is possible +
that-clause |
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It is impossible. |
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NP + can + VP |
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It is not possible. |
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It is not possible +
that-clause. |
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NP + cannot + VP |
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2.13 |
何かが可能または不可能と思われるか尋ねる |
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Is it possible? |
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Is it possible +
that-clause? |
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Can + NP + VP? |
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2.14 |
能力があるかないか表現する |
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NP + can (not) + VP |
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2.15 |
能力があるかないか尋ねる |
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Can + NP + VP? |
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2.16 |
論理的に妥当な結論(推論)だと表現する |
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NP + must + VP |
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NP + cannot + VP |
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2.18 |
自分はどのくらい確信をもっていると表現する |
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Perhaps ... |
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I am sure. |
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I am sure + that-clause. |
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I am not sure. |
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declarative sentence |
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I think so. |
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I know + that-clause. |
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I don't think so. |
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I think + that-clause. |
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NP + may + VP. |
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I am not sure that-clause. |
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NP + cannot + VP. |
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I don't think +
that-clause. |
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2.19 |
他人がどのくらい確信をもっているか尋ねる |
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Are you sure? |
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Are you sure + that-clause? |
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Do you think so? |
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Do you think + that-clause? |
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2.20 |
自分がせねばならないのか否かを表現する |
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I (don't) have to + VP. |
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2.21 |
自分が何かをせねばならないのか尋ねる |
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Do I have to + VP? |
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2.22 |
他人がせねばならないのか否かを表現する |
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It is (not) necessary. |
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NP + (don't / doesn't) have
to + VP. |
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You must + Verb. |
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You must + VP. |
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2.23 |
他人が何かをせねばならないのか尋ねる |
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Do / Does + NP have to +
VP? |
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2.24 |
何かをすることの許可を与えたり求めたりする |
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All right. |
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You may + Verb. |
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You may + VP |
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Of course. |
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May I + VP? |
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That's all right. |
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May I + Verb? |
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2.26 |
許可は見合わされたと述べる |
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Don't + Verb. |
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Don't + VP. |
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3.感情的態度 |
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3.1 |
喜びや好みを表現する |
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Very good. |
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This is nice. |
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This is very nice. |
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I like noun (-group) or
pronoun. |
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I love + noun or pronoun. |
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I
like + Ving ... |
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It's a very good + noun. |
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It's very good. |
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3.2 |
不快や嫌悪を表現する |
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This is not good. |
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I don't like + noun
(-group) or pronoun. |
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I don't like + Ving ... |
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3.3 |
喜び,好み,不快,嫌悪について尋ねる |
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Do you like + noun (-group)
or pronoun? |
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Do you like + Ving ...? |
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3.4 |
興味があるかないか表現する |
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Interesting. |
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That's (not) interesting. |
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That's very interesting. |
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I am (not) interested + in
+ noun or pronoun. |
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3.5 |
興味があるかないか尋ねる |
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Are you interested? |
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Are you interested + in +
noun or pronoun? |
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3.6 |
驚きを表現する |
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What a surprise! |
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This is a surprise! |
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How nice + Vto ...! |
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3.7 |
期待を表現する |
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I hope so. |
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I hope + that-clause. |
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3.8 |
満足を表現する |
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Very good. |
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This is very good. |
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This is what I want. |
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All right. |
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It's all right. |
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3.9 |
不満を表現する |
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I don't like this. |
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This is not what I want. |
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This is not right. |
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3.10 |
満足か不満か尋ねる |
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All right? |
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Do you like this? |
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Is it all right now? |
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Is it all right? |
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Is this what you want? |
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3.11 |
がっかりしたと表現する |
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Sorry. |
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That's a pity. |
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That's a great pity. |
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I'm sorry. |
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I'm very sorry + Vto ... |
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3.12 |
恐れや心配を表現する |
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I'm afraid. |
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I'm worried + about NP |
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I'm worried. |
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3.13 |
恐れや心配を尋ねる |
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Are you afraid? |
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Are you worried? |
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3.14 |
好きな順を表現する |
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I prefer + noun or pronoun. |
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3.15 |
好きな順を尋ねる |
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Which? |
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Which do you prefer? |
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3.16 |
感謝を表現する |
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Thank you. |
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Thank you very much. |
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It is nice of you + Vto ... |
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It is nice of you. |
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It is kind of you. |
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3.17 |
感情の一致を表現する |
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Sorry. |
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I am sorry. |
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I am sorry + Vto .... |
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I am glad. |
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I am glad + Vto ... |
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3.18 |
意向を表現する |
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I'm going + Vto ... |
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I'll + Vinf ... |
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I intend + Vto ... |
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3.19 |
意向を尋ねる |
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Are you going + Vto ...? |
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Will you + Vinf ...? |
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Do you intend + Vto ...? |
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3.20 |
要求や欲求を表現する |
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I want + noun (-group) or
pronoun |
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I'd like + noun (-group) or
pronoun |
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I'd like + Vto ... |
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I want + Vto ... |
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May I have + noun (-group)
or pronoun (please)? |
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3.21 |
要求や欲求を尋ねる |
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Do you want + noun (-group)
or pronoun? |
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Would you like + noun
(-group) or pronoun? |
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Would you like + Vto ...? |
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Do you want + Vto ...? |
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4.道義的態度 |
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4.1 |
おわびする |
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Sorry! |
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I'm sorry. |
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I am very sorry. |
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Excuse me. |
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Excuse me, please. |
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4.2 |
許す |
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All right. |
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That's all right. |
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It's all right now. |
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It's all right. |
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It doesn't matter. |
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4.3 |
良いと表現する |
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Good! |
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That's fine! |
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Fine! |
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4.4 |
良くないと表現する |
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It's not good. |
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You shouldn't + Vinf ... |
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It's not very nice. |
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4.5 |
良いか良くないか尋ねる |
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All right? |
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Is this all right? |
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Do you think this is all
right? |
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4.6 |
高く評価する |
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Very good. |
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It's very good. |
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4.7 |
残念だと表現する |
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I'm sorry. |
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I am so / very sorry. |
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That's a pity. |
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That's a (great) pity. |
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4.8 |
無関心だと表現する |
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It doesn't matter. |
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5.処理事項 |
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5.1 |
行動を提案する(話者を含む) |
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Let's + Verb. |
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Let's + VP. |
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Shall we + Verb? |
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Shall we + VP? |
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We could + VP. |
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What about + Ving ...? |
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5.2 |
他人に何かをするよう依頼する |
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Please. |
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Please + Verb. |
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Would / Could you (please)
+ VP? |
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Can I have + NP + Ved
(,please)? |
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5.3 |
他人に何かをするよう誘う |
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Would you like + Vto ...? |
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What about + Ving ...? |
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What about + a drink, a
nice walk, etc.? |
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5.4 |
他人に何かをするよう忠告する |
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You should + VP. |
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Why don't you + VP? |
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5.5 |
他人に禁止したり警告したりする |
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Be careful! |
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Don't + Verb. |
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Don't + VP. |
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Look out! |
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5.6 |
他人に教えたり指示したりする |
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imperative phrases |
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imperative sentences |
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5.7 |
援助を申し出る |
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Help? |
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Can I help you? |
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5.8 |
援助を求める |
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Help. |
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Help me, please. |
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Can you help me? |
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6.社交辞令 |
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6.1 |
あいさつ |
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Hello. |
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Good evening. |
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Good morning. |
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Good afternoon. |
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6.2 |
人に会った時 |
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Hello. |
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I'm fine, thank you. |
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How are you? |
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Fine, thank you. |
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6.3 |
紹介したり,されたりする時 |
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Hello. |
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How do you do. |
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This is ... |
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6.4 |
退出する時 |
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Good-bye. |
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See you tomorrow. |
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See you next week / etc. |
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See you. |
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Good night. |
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6.5 |
注目させようとする |
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Excuse me. |
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6.6 |
乾杯する |
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Cheers! |
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Here's to ... |
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6.7 |
祝福する |
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Congratulations! |
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